The Haunting History of Cannabis: Why the War on Drugs Failed + Building a Better Future

[00:00:00] Ellen Scanlon: This podcast discusses cannabis and is intended for audiences 21 and over.

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[00:00:47] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Or if we’re recognizing that prohibition is failed policy, why is it that we would still leave the individuals who were criminalized in our society to deal with? The negative ramifications or effects of that prohibition. It makes no sense, right? We’ve recognized it’s a failure. We’re looking to move on.

[00:01:04] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Let’s burn the people who are negatively harmed along with us.

[00:01:09] Ellen Scanlon: Welcome to how to do the pie, a podcast, helping you feel confident about cannabis. I’m your host, Ellen Scanlon.

[00:01:21] Ellen Scanlon: You just heard from Toronto based Akwasi Owusu Bempa, a professor of criminology at the University of Toronto, and the co author of a new book called Waiting to Inhale, Cannabis Legalization and the Fight for Racial Justice. The legalization of cannabis is a very big topic, and on the show, we usually focus on the practical side of weed, helping you feel confident to find relief for health issues like menopause, tips for how to find the right weed to help with stress, and so on.

[00:01:56] Ellen Scanlon: Sleep or sex, or just how to have fun with cannabis. As we lead up to Halloween, it feels like the right time to talk about the darker side of weed. Safe legal cannabis is a fascinating topic to me, in part because of how it’s changing our culture. Today’s episode is about the history and the challenges of cannabis legalization.

[00:02:26] Ellen Scanlon: The injustice of it. The fact that black and white people smoke weed at the same rates, yet black people are four times more likely to be arrested in 2022, more than 200, 000 people were arrested for cannabis crimes with 92 percent of those arrests for simple possession. Tahira Remetula is a cannabis investor and entrepreneur who is often called one of the most powerful women in weed.

[00:03:02] Ellen Scanlon: She is the co author of the book Waiting to Inhale, and she and Akwasi, who you just heard from, We’ll share what they’ve learned about racial justice from more than 10 years of legal cannabis in select U. S. states and 5 years of federal legalization in Canada. We’ll talk about how the drug policies of the past, the war on drugs, have hurt individuals and unfairly targeted communities of mostly black and brown people.

[00:03:32] Ellen Scanlon: Tahira and Akwasi will help us understand all of these complex issues. And share their ideas for how to create an industry that we can all be proud to be part of. Have you checked out How to Do the Pots newsletter yet? Twice a month, you’ll get podcast highlights, inspiring stories, cannabis brand discounts, and behind the scenes finds straight to your inbox.

[00:03:58] Ellen Scanlon: I’m excited to introduce a new section called Women We Love, celebrating amazing women who also like weed. Plus, in every newsletter, I share four of my personal recommendations, like the podcasts, books, or events that are inspiring me. If you’re already one of our 10, 000 plus subscribers, your free access stays the same.

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[00:04:49] Ellen Scanlon: Most people are familiar with the phrase, the war on drugs. It was a policy started by president Richard Nixon in the 1970s. It ramped up in the 1980s, very publicly with first lady, Nancy Reagan’s just say no campaign. If you were in school from the 1990s until about 2009, you may have participated in the D.

[00:05:14] Ellen Scanlon: A. R. E. program, which brought police into schools to talk about the dangers of drugs. I asked Akwasi to explain what the war on drugs meant for the criminal justice system and how it’s viewed now through the lens of history.

[00:05:30] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: My day job’s as a professor of criminology at the University of Toronto, and I study inequality in our criminal justice system, both Canadian and American focused.

[00:05:40] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: So, although I started as a kind of general policing scholar, my work expanded throughout the criminal justice system. But drug policy and drug law enforcement has become central to the work that I do, recognizing that we can’t understand the true nature of racial inequality in our justice system, and I would say our society more generally, without thinking about the impact of.

[00:06:01] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: The war on drugs and how that has really targeted black and brown people. We also need to recognize that our early drug laws came out of attempts to control both certain racial populations, as well as social groups who were seen to be problematic. So, you know, our first drug laws really targeted Chinese people and opium use, uh, Mexican people with respect to cannabis and later black people, uh, and, and the association with jazz.

[00:06:27] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And then also, you know, populations, groups, hippies, for example, that we’re seeing as, as being a threat or a danger to mainstream society. And so our drug laws were never initially devised and certainly have not been promoted and expanded really to protect the public in the way that we think they have.

[00:06:45] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: If that was the intention, I think we would have taken a very different approach. There are a few things that I, I want every cannabis consumer to know about the war on drugs. First of all, that it’s been a hugely failed policy. If the goal was to reduce drug use and the supply of drugs, And to curtail criminal activity, to stop criminal activity around drugs and drug trafficking, then it’s been a huge failure.

[00:07:05] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: You know, if you’re a politician who’s campaigned on a tough on drugs agenda, if you’re a law enforcement or justice agency who’s benefited from the money that’s come from fighting a war on drugs, or if you’re a cartel or other organized crime group who’s benefited from the money being made, then, It’s been successful in your eyes, but for the most part, it has been an abject failure.

[00:07:25] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: We’ve spent trillions of dollars waging this war, and our society is no better for it. In fact, I think we’re much worse off.

[00:07:32] Ellen Scanlon: To learn more about the war on drugs, check out episode 133, called Weed Words, Marijuana, where I break down this word’s complicated and racist history. In

[00:07:54] Ellen Scanlon: 2013, Tahira’s grandfather was diagnosed with cancer. Her whole family, kind of unexpectedly, got curious about cannabis to help relieve her grandfather’s chemotherapy symptoms. A few years later, when a friend from business school at Yale asked Tahira if she would be open to working in cannabis, she already knew it had powerful health benefits and saw this as an intriguing opportunity.

[00:08:23] Ellen Scanlon: 10 years later, she’s still a student of the cannabis industry. Only now she has worn a lot of professional hats as a cannabis investor, operator, and founder.

[00:08:36] Tahira Rehmatullah: Being a 1980s kid, Nancy Reagan, just say no. That, that was the story that I knew. And then when I started doing research myself around cannabis.

[00:08:45] Tahira Rehmatullah: While I was in business school, realize that it was not that at all and really started to have a different lens around it. So that was always really important to me coming into the industry, wanting to, to shift that narrative and give people opportunity and of course. That’s still continues to be a battle today, but it was a major motivating factor and also coming into the space and trying to formalize an industry that’s actually been around forever, but has been operated in the shadows and really shouldn’t be.

[00:09:13] Tahira Rehmatullah: And so how do we bring that to light in a really positive way and help the people who’ve been advocates and working on it for decades actually start to benefit from it.

[00:09:22] Ellen Scanlon: In many U. S. states that are legalizing cannabis, righting the wrongs of the war on drugs has been a controversial topic. It’s often called social equity.

[00:09:34] Ellen Scanlon: Akwasi explains what it means.

[00:09:37] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Social equity are really measures. to address the harms of drug prohibition and advanced inclusion and social justice and legalization. It really is the various ways in which cannabis legalization can be fair and can be just. And again, this comes from an acknowledgement that what we have had has not been just and it’s produced hugely unjust outcomes.

[00:10:00] Ellen Scanlon: Talking about social equity in cannabis feels similar to a lot of the complicated issues we’re grappling with as a society. Tahira explains why.

[00:10:12] Tahira Rehmatullah: Just the definition of thinking around social equity, you know, obviously we’re talking in the context of cannabis, but We can think about it more broadly as well.

[00:10:20] Tahira Rehmatullah: It’s just taking into account systemic inequalities to ensure that everyone in a community has access to the same opportunities and outcomes. We see that being applied today in a lot of different industries when it comes to race, gender, education levels, you name it. In cannabis specifically, you add up all of those.

[00:10:39] Tahira Rehmatullah: demographics, right? And that is what social equity in cannabis or social justice is trying to, to equalize to some degree. And therein is the challenge is that we’re dealing with decades and decades of unfair policy around the table. And the unraveling of it will take a lot of time, unfortunately. We all wish that it didn’t, but it takes years to create oppressive systems and it takes a long time to break them down as well.

[00:11:06] Tahira Rehmatullah: And so when we think about social equity in a practical sense for cannabis, none of these things alone are going to Fix what have happened to tens of thousands of people and beyond that the extension of that their families and their communities and that that cycle of poverty that often continues there isn’t a silver bullet to obviously to fix all of these issues and kind of goes back to a big reason Akwasi and I wanted to have this conversation and write this book was so that there’s more awareness around how we got here.

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[00:12:36] Ellen Scanlon: While we’re still in the early days of the legal cannabis industry in the U. S., we do have states to look to where cannabis has been legal for over 10 years. Tahira shares what we’ve learned so far about social equity programs.

[00:12:52] Tahira Rehmatullah: On the U. S. side, the programs that have been put into place when it comes to social equity and social justice, it’s, it’s still a work in progress, you know, a good example of that is the state of New York, which has delayed passing laws around cannabis legalization because social equity was such an important piece of it, and yet the market right now is very challenged as a result of that because the execution of it wasn’t necessarily how everyone imagined it would be.

[00:13:19] Tahira Rehmatullah: So I think we’re still working on what does that golden structure look like to be able to execute against social justice, but there are good stories and examples of pieces that have really allowed people to to start to benefit from how that state has set up the structure. New York, an example is that a lot of people who are impacted by the war on drugs had previous convictions that fit within a certain framework, were first in line to be able to get retail licenses.

[00:13:44] Tahira Rehmatullah: There are cons of that as well, and the way that the market has kind of proliferated, the illicit side of the market. But, The intention of all of those, I think, was very sincere in wanting to allow for people to get that head start and a place where perhaps we failed is actually the capital intensity and the learning that it takes to get these businesses up and moving and the expectation that if you move someone to the front of the line, then that’s all that they need when we all know that so much goes into starting any kind of business, let alone a cannabis business where the laws aren’t even completely written.

[00:14:17] Tahira Rehmatullah: At this stage, and they constantly change. So the other side of it, though, is just the awareness around the criminalization aspect that has been in a constant state of reform, that more people are getting involved. The piece about that, that I think continues to be challenging, and this isn’t just for cannabis, but for laws in general, as they relate to policing and the way people serve time, is that it’s a, it’s very complex process to get someone, you know, one person have their record expunged, or get them a review of their case, let alone tens of thousands of people, which is what we’re facing when it comes to the cannabis side.

[00:14:50] Tahira Rehmatullah: So we need federal legislation that allows for this to happen in a more impactful way. But I think that all of that will happen in time. It’s moving in the right direction. And I think the states are actually taking it more into their own hands to be able to impact their communities around what has happened.

[00:15:08] Tahira Rehmatullah: In

[00:15:08] Ellen Scanlon: Canada, cannabis has been federally legal since 2018. Looking back, Akwasi believes that the timing around social equity policy measures really matters.

[00:15:21] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Legalization with respect to social and racial justice and with respect to equity has been a huge failure. And I think, you know, the biggest lesson for me is really that Uh, social equity needs to be, pardon the pun, baked in from the start.

[00:15:35] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Once the legislation has been developed and implemented, in many ways the train has left the station, and it’s very difficult to bring it back. And so we had exactly that in Canada. But we had nothing with respect to inclusion in the industry, and we had nothing with respect to the redistribution of revenues back to those communities harmed.

[00:15:51] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And so, we see that reflected in the industry itself, who really gets to participate, who got to benefit from the greatest aspects of the financial stakes. And again, who continues to deal with the legacy of the war on drugs because it’s not been addressed in a meaningful way by our government. So, it’s nice to see when we look at the American situation that there are real pushes for social equity with respect to federal legalization.

[00:16:16] Ellen Scanlon: Akwasi and Tahira laid out three key ideas in their book about how they’d like the future of cannabis to look.

[00:16:24] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: So the three models we lay out in the book are the clearing of criminal records for people who’ve been convicted of behaviors that are no longer criminal, or downgrading, where they’ll The laws have been downgrading, providing avenues for entry and support into the legal industry, recognizing that there are people who’ve been criminalized for cannabis and there are people around them who’ve been negatively affected and they should have an opportunity and some would argue a first stake in legal cannabis and the ability to build and grow businesses, the ability to benefit financially.

[00:16:54] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And then finally, and I think this for me is one of the most important parts, that literally billions of dollars we’ve spent waging a war on drugs has taken money away from schools, from hospitals, community centers, all the very types of things that we need to have healthy and vibrant communities. There are very high taxes on cannabis for a few reasons, but that’s money going into government coffers, and that’s money that could be reinvested into those communities who’ve been really ravaged by the war on drugs.

[00:17:18] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: to help them be more healthy and more vibrant communities. And that’s important because we end up spending money in different ways on these communities when they’re not healthy and they’re not vibrant, whether that’s through law enforcement or it’s dealing with, you know, the lower economic and tax contributions, for example, that people can or can’t make because their, their job opportunities have been limited by criminalization.

[00:17:39] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: So, The war on drugs has cost us money outside of simply the criminal justice system. And we have an opportunity through legal cannabis to really make things right, to make amends, uh, in a way that’s going to benefit our society as a whole.

[00:17:53] Tahira Rehmatullah: The systems have been really challenging and what in, in cannabis itself, thinking about, okay, well, how do you actually go apart, assembling the right mix?

[00:18:00] Tahira Rehmatullah: We don’t know, but we do know that giving people the chance to end up at the front of the line and then giving them resources and tools to try to get to that point. Is a way to potentially start doing that. And we do see some success stories for people from, from non white communities who’ve been able to thrive in cannabis.

[00:18:20] Tahira Rehmatullah: Most of those people, however, came from a place of opportunity. They already had financial success. They had connections. We can’t take for granted what those pieces mean for people. We can’t take away the fact that if you don’t have a network, you’re not going to get money. If you’re not going to get money, you’re not going to be able to pay for the The people who maybe know what they’re doing or to be able to have the interactions with the City council members who ultimately decide whether or not you’re going to get that license You know just things like that that we’re not taking into account and so there are a lot of pieces that we have to continue to chip away at but if it’s not part of the DNA when we start making policy It will never be.

[00:19:02] Tahira Rehmatullah: It will always be an afterthought. So even though a state like New York maybe hasn’t had the best execution when it comes to actually rolling out the policy, the fact that it’s there means that it’s not going away. And that iteration is what we need for as angry as we get about things not working, we also have to stay positive and that say it’s like at least it’s there.

[00:19:23] Ellen Scanlon: I asked Tahira and Akwasi to explain what expungement is and to share why they believe second chances are so important.

[00:19:32] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Expungement can mean different things. Essentially what we’re getting at is this real need to clear the criminal records and a model that is fast, that’s efficient, that’s free. So the government taken it upon itself to identify people who’ve been convicted for behaviors that are no longer illegal.

[00:19:51] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: So for being convicted of crimes that no longer exist and clearing those records for them. And there are some novel ways and we outlined some of these in the book. Code for America has now partnered with a number of jurisdictions to use, uh, AI essentially to do this in a very fast, efficient and, um, Relatively inexpensive manner.

[00:20:09] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Why is this so important? We’re doing ourselves no favors through criminalization. The people are using cannabis. Substantial numbers of people are using cannabis. You know, you’ve got a broad listener audience, um, which is a testament to that. But even the way in which our laws have been enforced, of course, has been hugely unequal.

[00:20:27] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: So while some people have been able to have, possess, and use cannabis, and have really little fear of reprisal from that, the same has not been true for other people. And so we have this situation now where we have people whose lives, and you know, in the book we discuss all of what can come from even a simple cannabis possession conviction, difficulty finishing school, obtaining loans for post secondary education, failing criminal background, screenings for employment, reduced ability to gain housing, to travel, to volunteer really to operate in mainstream society.

[00:20:58] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And I often call cannabis the gateway drug, not a gateway, you know, to harder drug uses. It’s often been seen, but a gateway to the criminal justice system because of all of the barriers that a simple cannabis conviction places on an individual. So if we’re recognizing that is failed policy. Why is it that we would still leave the individuals who were criminalized and our society to deal with?

[00:21:20] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: The negative ramifications or effects of that prohibition. It makes no sense, right? We recognize it’s a failure. We’re looking to move on. Let’s burn the people who are negatively harmed along with us. And many people say, well, you know, they broke the law, so they should have to deal with the consequences.

[00:21:35] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Well, from my view, the law was, you know, inappropriate and unjust in the first place and it was enforced in an unjust manner. How many, you know, U. S. presidents now have admitted to consuming cannabis, right? We have not only people in politics, but business and entertainment admitting to cannabis use, yet we continue to have people whose lives are derailed either through imprisonment, or simply their criminalization from what we’ve done around this plant, and we really, really, really need to move on.

[00:22:04] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And because so many of the people who are criminalized are those that have less access to kind of social, political, economic resources, so, you know, they might not be able to get good legal counsel or navigate a process through which one would gain expungement.

[00:22:19] Ellen Scanlon: Understanding the criminal justice policies that led us here can require a lot of learning.

[00:22:25] Ellen Scanlon: for listening. The book Waiting to Inhale is full of personal stories that connect these policies to people. Akwasi shares a story from the book that had a big impact on him.

[00:22:38] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: One of the greatest strengths of our book is, is really the stories that are told in it. And so, you know, one of the stories that I really like is, is Jesse Horton, who, you know, as a young man, uh, was on his way to university.

[00:22:49] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And the summer before he was supposed to start, he ended up getting pulled over by the police and he had some cannabis in his car. What was then considered a fair amount, about an ounce. Now it’s trivial, right? For many, if you’re in the industry, that’s, that’s, you know, laying on the floor underneath one of your, your trim desks.

[00:23:05] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: He ended up getting, uh, seven years, uh, behind bars. Uh, and then, uh, when he came out, he ended up founding, uh, Loud, uh, based in Oregon. And he’s now become a very successful player in the cannabis industry. And so that, you know, the, the story of an individual who’s gone from being a casualty, uh, in the war on drugs, not only operating in the industry, but doing what he can to promote the need for social equity to really give back is, is a promising one for myself.

[00:23:34] Ellen Scanlon: Tahira shares a story from the book that points to the complications of being charged with a cannabis crime in the 1990s.

[00:23:43] Tahira Rehmatullah: So one of the stories, I think, really punches us in the gut, uh, is Michael Thompson, who received a prison sentence that was 40 to 60 years for selling three pounds of cannabis in the early nineties and in the state of Michigan.

[00:23:58] Tahira Rehmatullah: And when people initially hear, Oh my gosh, 40 to 60 years, like he must’ve been trafficking. He must’ve had all this stuff, violence. Now this, the ways that Michael’s sentence just seems like it was so absurd, but it’s actually not uncommon. He ended up serving 25 years of that. Term. Um, and thanks to Michigan’s governor was let out early, but his conviction really was spurred by not just the, the cannabis element, but also the fact that guns were found in his home, the guns were not his, they were his wife’s, they also were like relics, you know, they weren’t meant to be used in any way, shape or form, but also he.

[00:24:38] Tahira Rehmatullah: Did the transaction while he was sitting in his car, not in his home. So when Acquasi mentioned earlier that cannabis becomes this gateway, it’s also a gateway for police enforcement to use it in really negative ways. And for Michael Thompson, it was to, to use anything else that they had to keep tacking on to that charge.

[00:24:55] Tahira Rehmatullah: And so he was somebody who he’s worked with. People like Aretha Franklin in his past, he was a promoter, he had such a rich history, people in his neighborhood knew him, you know, he was, he was someone who, yeah, was, was selling cannabis, but was also doing these really cool, incredible things for his community, and that was all taken away from him, it was taken away from his family, and Michael has used his narrative to go on and try to help people now that he’s outside, he has his own foundation, um, so we’re, we’re, we’re Continuously impressed by what he’s been able to do and and the advocate that he’s become a lot of people fall in the really negative side of that when they come out of prison because they don’t have support.

[00:25:36] Tahira Rehmatullah: They don’t have the opportunity. They aren’t able to channel their Their hurt and rage and everything that’s happened to them on their time in prison into something positive. And it takes a lot of willpower to do that. So, and at the end of the day, Governor Whitmer coming in and relieving him from that long sentence and granting that clemency was critical.

[00:25:54] Tahira Rehmatullah: And we need more policy makers and people sitting in that position to pay attention to these types of stories. Being a cannabis advocate takes

[00:26:03] Ellen Scanlon: a lot of patience and fortitude. Tahira and Akwasi share how they kept their spirits up while writing the book and what they’re most excited about for the future.

[00:26:15] Tahira Rehmatullah: There may or may not have been a decent amount of cannabis involved over time. We’re long term advocates. We’re not people who are kind of a flash in the pan, you know, looking to get our income and then jumping out. We really care and we’ve seen all the negative. We’ve seen the dark, we’ve learned all about it.

[00:26:33] Tahira Rehmatullah: You know, we’ve had our own experiences as well. And I think we still really understand the positive that can and will come from this, but it’s not going to. happen overnight. I think we lean on patience to some degree, although admittedly, like, you know, 10 years in, we’re probably like, all right, guys, I need any day now.

[00:26:53] Tahira Rehmatullah: But for me, personally, it’s continuing to go back to the stories that we hear, both the painful ones, but then the positive ones too. And not just when it comes to the criminal justice side, but the health people who’ve been truly impacted, their lives have changed for the better. because of the use of cannabis or be it from day to day to pain or sleep or something to cancer.

[00:27:17] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: For me, I, um, try and find humor in whatever I can because, you know, a lot of my work really focuses on the darker sides of, of humanity. You know, with respect to the, like, why should people care? You know, a lot of people now want to publicize the fact that they buy a fair trade coffee, right? and they don’t have.

[00:27:35] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: Clothes that are made in sweatshops and they’re, they’re concerned about, you know, kind of ethical practices. And, and I don’t think that we can remove the history of cannabis from the legal industry that’s developing. And so if people are concerned with things like fair trade and ethical business, They need to be supporting that through their engagement with the Canvas industry.

[00:27:57] Akwasi Owusu-Bempah: And you do that by, again, purchasing from companies who care about the issues that we write about in the book and who are working to fix the problems that we write about in the book.

[00:28:06] Ellen Scanlon: Thank you to Akwasi and Tahira for helping us all understand the complicated history of cannabis legalization and where we can go from here.

[00:28:17] Ellen Scanlon: Waiting to Inhale, Cannabis Legalization and the Fight for Racial Justice is available at local libraries and wherever you buy books. If you’re looking for a deeper understanding of the cannabis industry, I really recommend reading it. Stay tuned for more of how to do the pot and have a very happy Halloween.

[00:28:43] Ellen Scanlon: For lots more information and past episodes, visit do the pot. com. And that’s also where you can sign up for our newsletter. If you like how to do the pot, please rate and review us on Apple podcasts. It really helps more people find the show. Thanks to producers Maddy Fair and Nick Patry. I’m Ellen Scanlon and stay tuned for more of how to do the pot.